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(see Abstracts below)
Lodé, T. & D. Le Jacques 2003. Influence of advertisement calls on
reproductive success in the male midwife toad Alytes obstetricans.
Bahavioiur 140: 885-898.
Devinney, B.J., C.M. Berman & K.L.R. Rasmussen 2003. Individual differences
in response to sibling birth among free-ranging yearling rhesus monkeys
(Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago. Behaviour 140: 899-924.
Slabbekoorn, H., A. Jesse & D.A. Bell 2003. Microgeographic song variation
in island populations of the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys
nutalli): innovation through recombination. Behaviour 140: 947-963.
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Abstracts
Lodé, T. & D. Le Jacques 2003. Influence of advertisement calls on
reproductive success in the male midwife toad Alytes obstetricans.
Bahavioiur 140: 885-898.
Considering the advertisement call in anuran as a sexually selected trait,
we investigated the effects of male call parameters on reproductive success
in midwife toad Alytes obstetricans. The pattern of advertisement call was
studied in 81 males. The mean fundamental frequency varied among males.
Fundamental frequency, call duration and male size correlated with the male
mating success. From the stepwise regression analysis, the low call
frequency was found to influence significantly the number of carried eggs
and the hatching success. The fact that a single male may fertilise the eggs
of several females and a single female may mate with several males
constitutes an original sexual system. Large males obtained more matings and
showed a higher hatching success. Female choice for dominant frequency may
be regarded as a related-fitness trait being correlated with male size.
Anyway, the male size and the female choice for low calls result in a same
evolutionary trend favouring a best fitness.
Devinney, B.J., C.M. Berman & K.L.R. Rasmussen 2003. Individual differences
in response to sibling birth among free-ranging yearling rhesus monkeys
(Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago. Behaviour 140: 899-924.
The birth of a younger sibling is a normal event in the life of a nonhuman
primate, yet commonly it is thought to be a stressful transition for the
older sibling. In our previous research, we found that yearling rhesus
monkeys (Macaca mulatta) experienced increases in one mild form of distress
but no significant increases in overt forms of distress, in spite of
significant reductions in mother-yearling interaction. Nevertheless, some
individual yearlings were distressed by this transition and here we examine
variables that may structure individual differences in distress. We observed
31 yearling rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, during the month
before and month after their siblings' births using focal animal sampling
methods. Attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969), parent-offspring conflict theory
(Trivers, 1974), and dynamic assessment models (Bateson, 1994) all predict a
relationship between reduction in maternal care and increase in offspring
distress, yet no previous study of sibling birth in primates has examined
this relationship. We found that the reduction in the proportion of time on
the nipple from the month before sibling birth to the month after was
related to the rate of geckering (a distress vocalization) after sibling
birth, and that the increase in time out of sight of the mother was related
to the proportion of time yearlings spent in a tense state after sibling
birth. Maternal aggression after sibling birth also was related to the
yearlings' rate of geckering. Yearling distress was related to qualities of
the mother-yearling relationship, in that yearlings that had relatively
greater responsibility for maintaining proximity with their mothers before
sibling birth were relatively more tense afterwards. Yearlings displayed
increases in play, grooming, and contact with group members other than the
mother after sibling birth, suggesting a marked shift toward greater
maturity in their social relationships.
Slabbekoorn, H., A. Jesse & D.A. Bell 2003. Microgeographic song variation
in island populations of the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys
nutalli): innovation through recombination. Behaviour 140: 947-963.
Current geographic variation in bird song dialects may be used to infer
historical processes involved in dialect formation. Discrete island
populations, separated by water or unsuitable habitat, may be particularly
useful as they allow for unequivocal subdivision of populations. We analyzed
song recordings of nine populations of the white-crowned sparrow within the
San Francisco Bay area, both on 'true' islands separated by water and in
habitat islands along the Bay shore. We found one or two unique songtypes in
each population with little variation within songtypes among individuals.
Differences in songtypes concerned variation in syntax, syllable shapes, and
spectral and temporal features. While each songtype exhibited unique
features, there were often parts of the song that showed high similarity
with songtypes of neighboring populations. We think that successfully
dispersing males may learn from multiple tutors and produce songtype hybrids
which could explain the variation in songtypes among populations. We found
rare acoustic features on the 'true' islands, but also an apparent lack of
impact by water barriers on the relationship between song similarity and
geographic distance. A possible explanation may be that male dispersal, or
just spread of song characteristics, is predominantly from island to
mainland. Such a unidirectional pattern could result in rare song
characteristics on islands, while general acoustic characteristics are still
shared with the nearest mainland populations. Variation in similarity-based
clustering of songtypes suggested that new songtypes emerge through
recombination of components from existing songtypes.
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